concepts

 Concepts, ideas, opinions, feelings, and other intangible entities are  often labeled as “insubstantial phenomena.”  Select one of the following  3 phenomena that would be considered insubstantial, and explain two  different ways — one qualitative and one quantitative — that you might  measure it:  a) the closeness of undergraduates’ social network friends;  b) the “campus climate” at your university; c) “irrational exuberance”  about the stock market